Wikileaks And Anonymous

Bayer and War Crimes
Chemical Weapons

Bayer is implicated in the development of chemical weapons. During WWI Bayer was involved in the development and manufacture of a range of poisonous gasses used in the trenches, including chlorine gas and mustard gas.[1] As part of IG Farben, Bayer were also involved in the development of the next generation of chemical warfare agents, toxic organophosphate compounds. Tabun was first examined for use as an insecticide in late 1936 in a program under the direction of Dr. Gerhard Schrader at the Bayer facility at Elberfeld/Wuppertal. An accidental exposure of Dr. Schrader and a laboratory assistant to Tabun vapors made it quite clear that this compound had potential military applications.[2] Tabun was then mass produced by IG Farben during WWII although it was never used as a weapon. Schrader was also responsible for the discovery of related, but more toxic, nerve agents including Sarin and Soman.[3] Whilst working on chemical weapons Schrader discovered the chemical compound E 605, the principle ingredient in the pesticide parathion. After the post-war dissolution of IG Farben, Schrader continued to develop pesticides for Bayer. After World War II, Bayer and other companies began to introduce a large number of organophosphorus compounds, including parathion, into the marketplace for insect control. The difficulty with organophosphates (OPs) is that they are neurotoxic due to their effects on acetycholinesterase, and unfortunately this enzyme occurs in humans as well as in insects.[4]

The links between chemicals developed as 'pesticides' with chemicals suitable for weapons has continued at Bayer. In 1989 it was revealed that Bayer hold a patent for a compound chemically identical to the VX gas used by the US military. The compound was discovered by Gerhard Schrader, and was patented in Germany in 1957, and in the US in 1961. Bayer claim that the compound was developed as a potential pesticide and that the US military application of the compound has nothing to do with them.[5]
Bayer, IG Farben and World War II: Slave Labour and Deadly Gas

Bayer (along with BASF and Hoechst) was an original member of the IG Farben group. During WWII, IG Farben built a synthetic rubber and oil plant complex called Monowitz close to the Auschwitz concentration camp. Inmates worked as slave labour for IG Farben,[6] and when they were too weak to work they were killed in the gas chambers. IG Farben subsidiary Degesch manufactured Zyklon B, the gas used in the concentration camp gas chambers.[7]

Bayer head Carl Duisberg personally propagated the concept of forced labour during WWI.[8] The company placed itself under a large burden of guilt due to its heavy involvement in the planning, preparation and implementation of both world wars. The International War Crimes Tribunal pronounced the company guilty for its share of responsibility in the war and the crimes of the Nazi dictatorship.

On 29 July 1948, sentences for mass murder and slavery were handed down at the Nuremberg trials to twelve Farben executives. The longest sentence of only seven years was dealt out was to Dr. Fritz ter Meer, a top executive and scientist on the IG Farben managing board.[9]

After the war, IG Farben separated into three giant corporations: Bayer, Hoechst and BASF. On 1 August 1963, Bayer celebrated its 100th anniversary at the Cologne fairgrounds. The opening speech was delivered by Dr. Fritz ter Meer, not only out of prison but - a convicted mass murderer - elevated to the position of Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Bayer.[10]

More than eight million people had to do slave work for the Nazi war industry, and none ever received compensation from the companies or the government. David Fishel, one of the few survivors of the camp, sued the companies for compensation. When he was 13 he was forced to work for IG Farben carrying 50-kilo bags of coal and cement when he weighed only 75 pounds.[11]
Bayer, IG Farben and Human Experiments

[12] IG Farben also conducted experiments on humans. Eva Mozes Kor, among the 1,500 sets of twins experimented on by the infamous Dr. Josef Mengele, claims that IG Farben monitored and supervised medical experiments at the Nazi concentration camp where she was interned. She claims the experiments involved toxic chemicals that IG Farben (Bayer) provided. In some of the experiments, the lawsuit states, prisoners were injected with germs known to cause diseases, "to test the effectiveness of various drugs" manufactured by IG Farben. Mengele conducted genetic experiments there in an effort to create a super race of blonde, blue-eyed Aryans who would be born in multiple births. Both Kor and her sister survived their 10-month ordeal in the concentration camp and were liberated by Soviet troops in January 1945. They were nearly 10 years old. According to Irwin Levin (Kor's Lawyer), IG Farben paid Nazi officials during World War II for access to those confined in the camps and collaborated in Nazi experiments as a form of research and development. The lawsuit sought unspecified punitive damages and the recovery of profits it maintains IG Farben (Bayer) earned as a result of such research.

Eventually Eva Kor and various others were paid out of a fund put up by the German government and the companies. Bayer gave 100 million German Marks to the fund. The entire fund (totalling 10 billion German Marks) was a result of various American lawsuits - without the loss of reputation in the US the companies would never have agreed.
Bayer and the Congo War

[13] A recent report commissioned by the UN Secretary General stated that the civil war in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) centred on the control of five mineral resources, including colombite-tantalite or coltan.[14] Coltan is a hardening agent for metal used in the manufacture of electrical products. In October a report listed H.C. Starck (a wholly owned subsidiary of Bayer AG), as the buyer of over 80% of the coltan originating in the DRC.[15] By purchasing coltan from one or other of the warring factions in the DRC, H.C. Starck have been fuelling the two-year conflict. The fighting has killed over 250,000 people, and a million people have been displaced in East Congo.
Scams, Blags and Corporate Bullying
Anthrax Drug Monopoly

Amidst anthrax attacks and widespread fears of exposure, Bayer has refused to allow other pharmaceutical firms to produce ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, so that they can profit from sales of Cipro, their patented drug that cures anthrax.[16]

Gilman and Pastor, LLP, are now prosecuting a nationwide class action lawsuit on behalf of all persons in the US who purchased or paid for Cipro, accusing Bayer AG of entering into unlawful agreements with Barr Laboratories, Inc. and Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc. under which, in exchange for over $50 million per year, Barr and Hoechst Marion Roussel agreed not to manufacture or market a generic version of Cipro.[227]

The U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary threatened to override Bayer's patent unless they agreed to lower the price of the pill, which Bayer promptly agreed. "Activists and health officials from developing countries say it is unreasonable for a rich country to challenge patents after a handful of Anthrax cases resulted in four deaths, while its policy is to discourage poor countries from overriding patents to address the AIDS epidemic." the San Francisco Examiner reported.[17]
South Africa AIDS drugs lawsuit

[18] Nelson Mandela signed the Medicines Control Act in 1997, which allowed South Africa's health minister to override patent protections to use generic AIDS drugs if there was a need. Bayer was one of several large pharmaceutical companies that filed a joint suit in 1998 against the South African government for patent infringement, in a gross attempt to deprive victims of AIDS of desperately needed medication. After three years of international outrage, the case was withdrawn. [19]
Citric Acid Monopoly

[20] Bayer's New Jersey-based subsidiary, Haarmann and Reimer, was one of several manufacturers implicated in an international conspiracy to create a price monopoly on citric acid. Haarman and Reimer pleaded guilty to the US Department of Justice and had to pay a $50 million, while a senior executive at the German-based Haarmann and Reimer was fined $150,000.

The Canadian anti-trust commission also found Haarmann and Reimer and other food additives manufacturers guilty of illegal price fixing in the case of citric acid.[21]
Medicaid Scam

[22] The American unit of Bayer AG agreed to pay $14 million to settle charges of causing inflated Medicaid claims after defrauding the government by setting prices that were too high on drugs such as Kogenate and Koate-HP, used to treat haemophilia and Gamimmune, used to treat immune deficiency diseases. For at least seven years, Bayer overstated average wholesale prices for its drugs. These prices were used to set reimbursement aids under Medicaid and Medicare, the federal health insurance program for the elderly. Bayer squeezed drug companies who followed the pricing rules out of the market, while simultaneously pocketing money at the expense of taxpayers.
Suppressing Scientific Information

[23] Bayer asks bacteriologists and scientists who want to test Bayer products for antibiotic research to sign a document stating that they will inform Bayer AG in writing of test results and will not publish or commercialise them without the written permission of Bayer. This brings up many issues of drug companies suppressing scientific information that does not suit their commercial purposes.
Bayer Bribery

When large health and environmental groups which affect public policy are being funded by industries, it is possible that scientists who claim to be objective may ignore important health, safety and environmental considerations.

Bayer donates over $500,000 a year to the American Heart Association (AHA), which may explain why the AHA has endorsed only Bayer aspirin. Bayer also contributes over $500,000 a year to the American Diabetes Association, is a sustaining member of the American Medical Writer's Association, and contributes to the American Veterinary Medicine Association, the Arthritis Foundation, the Biotechnology Institute, and the Environmental Sensitivities Research Institute. Bayer also supports the Heartland Institute, an "independent research policy group".[24] Bayer is a member organisation of the National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy, which is supposed to maintain publicly available national databases on pesticide use, develop methods and data systems to improve the estimation of pesticide benefits and prepare reports, articles, and testimony on pesticide policy issues.

Bayer donates money to the Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics, a scientific front group that also receives donations from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, Procter & Gamble Pharmaceutical and SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals Inc., which may explain their watered-down web page which claims that antibiotic resistant bacteria is a natural phenomenon and that "Although the scientific evidence does indicate that antibiotic use in animals is a key factor promoting resistance, the validity and reliability of the data have been questioned."[25]

In addition, Bayer donates exorbitant amounts of money to political parties, especially in the United States. In fact, between 1 January 1999 and 30 June 2000 alone, Bayer donated $134,511 to the Republican party and $40,150 to the Democrats, for a grand total of $174,661.[26]

Bayer also admitted to supporting the "further education" of doctors in Portugal by paying for trips around the world in an attempt to influence prescription writing.[27] According to former pharmaceuticals salesman Alfredo Pequito, Bayer invested approximately DM 100,000 in the first 5 months of 1995 to promote the prescribing of Ciproxin in Portugal. He reports that amounts of up to DM 5,000 were deposited in travel agencies for various doctors. The money was not always used for conventions, but for other uses such as family trips or even exchanged for cash. The head of the Portuguese State Medical Board, Carlos Ribeira believes this brings the ethical and moral ideals of the medical profession in question. He has announced that he intends to take legal action. The public prosecutors and the Ministry of Health have also begun investigations.
Unlicensed Exports

[28] Bayer received a $200,000 fine for exporting U.S-origin glucose and other reagents to seven destinations, without obtaining the required validated export licenses, even though glucose can be used for chemical and biological weapons.
Bayer Attacks Critical Coverage

[29] Bayer has forced Coordination against BAYER-Dangers (Coordination gegen BAYER-Gefahren e.V. or CBG), formerly Bayerwatch, to withdraw their domain name and trademarked group name by threatening them with heavy court costs. The CBG had already successfully registered the aforementioned name with the Munich Patent Office. The Patent Office's copyright investigation had reviewed whether there was any danger of confusion as a result of the copyrighted trademark and had determined that there was none. However, Bayer claimed that people could get confused between the site detailing their crimes, and the real Bayer website. An initial attempt by Bayer to silence the group was rejected by the Bundesverfassungsgericht (German Federal Constitutional Court) in 1992. The CBG has been campaigning against the questionable practices of Bayer's international operations for over 20 years.
"Green Revolution" or Pesticide Dependence?

[30] The IMF and World Bank convinced farmers (many in developing countries) to abandon traditional agriculture systems and getting in debt to buy 'high yield' seeds and the accompanying agrochemicals in the so-called "Green Revolution." Although yields rose for a time, the chemicals that many farmers now depend on has lead to a massive loss of biodiversity and is poisoning both the land, the water and the farmers that work on it. The Green Revolution, supported by the IMF and World Bank, has promoted higher-yielding varieties of seeds that are dependent on irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides. Corporations such as Bayer have a lot to gain from this manufactured dependence of developing countries on their products. Six companies, including Bayer, are associated with US$3 million or more in Bank-approved agrochemical sales over the three year period between 1993-95.
Pharmaceutical Phailings
Mass-Producing Heroin

[31] In 1898, Bayer trademarked the opiate diacetylmorphine, giving it the name heroin. Although the chemist C.R. Wright discovered the mixture of morphine and acetic acid, Bayer was the first company to mass-produce it. Bayer began an advertising campaign in 1900 [32], praising the product across the globe in 12 languages, and sending thousands of free samples to doctors. Bayer advertised heroin as a cough medicine for children, saying it was harmless and even that it helped cure colic. Ironically, methadone the synthetic morphine substitute commonly used to treat heroin addiction was developed by Hoescht branch of IG Farben during the WW2 as Dolophine.[244]

Ciproxin and Dangerous Human Trials

[33] Bayer placed hundreds of patients at risk of potentially fatal infections by failing to disclose crucial safety information to six hospitals at the start of a UK drug trial. Bayer's own research as early as 1989 showed that the antibiotic ciproflaxin (sold as Ciproxin) reacted badly with various opiate-based sedatives or "pre-meds" commonly given to patients ahead of surgery. Research showed that the drug was not properly absorbed by many patients, impairing its ability to kill bacteria and placing the patients at risk of sometimes fatal infections.

This information was not revealed to the hospitals before up to 650 people had undergone surgery, violating their human rights. The trials resulted in nearly half of the people at one test centre in Southampton developing potentially life-threatening infections. At least one patient died, and another developed an infection so severe that his relatives were initially told he would not survive. Nearly half the patients at Southampton Hospitals Trust developed post-operative wound infections requiring emergency therapy. Infection and mortality rates at the five other trial sites were never revealed on grounds of "confidentiality".

Stephen Karran, a retired consultant surgeon from Southhampton, was concerned about the trial. He pointed out the flaw in the earliest possible stage, and contacted the press after the trial went ahead unaltered anyway. Bayer has confirmed that it knew of absorption problems with the drug before the study began. However, they still used the dangerous drug for two years, are still keeping trial results secret, and have not paid compensation to the relatives of patients injured or killed in the course of its unapproved trials.

Meanwhile, Ciproxin has been found to lead to tendon disorders or ruptures. The FDA staff stated that the agency "will update the labeling [package insert] for all marketed fluoroquinolones to include a warning about the possibility of tendon rupture." However, this has not been done.[34]
Baycol Deaths

[35] Bayer's anti-cholesterol drug, Baycol (also known as Lipobay and cerivastatin), has deadly side effects. The Food and Drug Administration received reports of 31 US deaths due to rhadomolysis, a potentially fatal adverse muscle reaction that results in muscle cell breakdown and release of the contents of muscle cells in the bloodstream. Symptoms include muscle pain, weakness, fever, nausea, and vomiting. Bayer admitted that the drug might have killed 52 people already worldwide, with another 1,100 potentially crippled. Although Bayer voluntarily recalled the drug after a large number of deaths, Germany's health minister, on 25 August 2001, accused Bayer of sitting on research documenting Baycol's lethal side-effects for nearly two months before the government in Berlin was informed. Writing about the recall, the trade journal Chemistry and Industry stated, "The ensuing discussion over the drug safety and manufacturer's perceived willingness to overlook risks could damage the reputation of the industry at large." There have been many individual and class action law suits, including one in Pennsylvania which cited 480 cases of Baycol-related illnesses. At the time of editing (20.01.02) the number of Baycol related deaths has risen to almost 100.[36]
Metrifonate and Muscular Weakness

[37] The FDA stopped the testing of Bayer's Alzheimer preparation Metrifonate after 20 test persons complained of sudden muscular weakness. The FDA stated that they would not consider the drug until there is a change in the production methods and pharmacological effects. The company withdrew the drug's approval application in Europe on its own accord.
Aspirin and False Advertising

The Bayer Corporation launched a series of advertisements which claimed that a regular aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) regimen prevents heart attacks and strokes in the general adult population. The Federal Trade Commission pointed out that these claims were unsubstantiated and that daily doses of aspirin may be harmful to some adults. The Bayer Corporation launched a $1 million consumer education campaign to settle FTC charges. In addition to this new campaign, the settlement requires that any Bayer advertising making claims about the benefits of regular aspirin use for prevention of heart attacks or strokes contain a disclosure that states, "Aspirin is not appropriate for everyone, so be sure to talk to your doctor before you begin an aspirin regimen."[38]

Bayer also continues to offer aspirin packaged specifically for children in the Third World, despite the fact that experts warn of the many risks involved in the use of acetylsalicylic acid for children. The safety warnings recommending limited use to children, found in Germany and other countries, are not found in developing countries. Bayer even sells "Children's Aspirin." Bayer has announced that although the claims could not be proven, they have "made changes" where the impression could be given that it is a consumer advertisement. In a letter from Bayer to the Medical Initiative in July 1997, Bayer insisted that there was no more consumer advertising for children's aspirin in South America. However, in October 1997 a one page, colour advertisement for 'aspirina para niños' (aspirin for children) appeared in the daily newspaper Prensa libre of Guatemala.[39]
HIV and HEP C Contaminated Blood Preparations

[40] Bayer's American subsidiary, Cutter, has been sued for infecting haemophiliacs with HIV and hepatitis C with contaminated blood preparations. The contraction of these diseases by thousands of people in the USA, Germany and Japan could have been prevented, if the companies had used precautionary tests and had heated the blood. In the US, 6200 haemophiliacs contracted HIV through contaminated blood and eventually received $100,000 each.

Bayer paid 10 Taiwanese citizens, who were infected with the HIV virus via Bayer blood products, a total of $60,000 each. 43 other victims turned down the offer with the claim that Bayer had paid higher amounts in other countries.

Many lawsuits have been filed by those who contracted hepatitis C, including the mother of a 12-year-old boy who sought $143 million in damages and alleged that the defendants knew they were providing risky coagulants to her son and other haemophiliacs more than a decade before their infections. The suit states that the defendants improperly collected plasma from groups at high risk for hepatitis C contamination, including prison inmates, drug users and gay men.

In 2003 the New York Times reported on the scandal as follows:

The Bayer unit, Cutter Biological, introduced its safer medicine in late February 1984 as evidence mounted that the earlier version was infecting hemophiliacs with H.I.V. Yet for over a year, the company continued to sell the old medicine overseas, prompting a United States regulator to accuse Cutter of breaking its promise to stop selling the product. By continuing to sell the old version of the life-saving medicine, the records show, Cutter officials were trying to avoid being stuck with large stores of a product that was proving increasingly unmarketable in the United States and Europe. ...

In Hong Kong and Taiwan alone, more than 100 hemophiliacs got H.I.V. after using Cutter's old medicine, according to records and interviews. Many have since died. Cutter also continued to sell the older product after February 1984 in Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Japan and Argentina, records show.[1]

Creating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

[41] The Bayer Corporation is one of the largest producers of veterinary products in the world, including the sale of antibiotics for cattle and poultry. (An estimated 40 percent of antibiotic use is in livestock.) Bacteria killers are mixed in with the feed to accelerate the animals' growth.

Using Baytril and other fluoroquinolenes in poultry and cattle leads to antibiotic-resistant bacteria and pathogens in animals, making is possible for strains of resistant bacteria to enter the human body. This makes human versions of the drug ineffective in treating people infected by these bacteria, which could be life-threatening to the elderly, to children and to those with depressed immune systems or in weakened conditions. Fluoroquinolones are commonly prescribed to treat serious gastrointestinal illness, including from the common Campylobacter and Salmonella bacterias. Campylobacter accounts for nearly two million illnesses and 100 deaths each year, and Salmonella accounts for 1.3 million illnesses and about 500 deaths annually. Very few bacteria were found resistant to fluoroquinolones until the drugs also began to be used in poultry in 1995. By 1998, 13 percent of Campylobacter tested in humans were resistant to fluoroquinolones, and by 1999, nearly 18 percent of Campylobacter were found to be resistant.

After data collected by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention showed that the use of fluoroquinolones in poultry was speeding up the bacteria's development of resistance to the drug, the US Food and Drug Administration concluded that the health of at least 5,000 Americans is affected each year by the use of these drugs in chickents. It also proposed to ban this use. Abbott Laboratories, one of the two producers of poultry fluoroquinolones in the US, voluntarily withdrew its product, but Bayer refused to comply with the proposed ban and instead requested a hearing on the proposal. This hearing may take years to complete, and by then the ban may be a moot point since the drug may be ineffective in humans by the time the FDA is able to issue a final ban on the use of these drugs in poultry.

Many NGOs, such as the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization, have strongly advocated a ban for years. On 31 October 2000, Environmental Defense, the American Public Health Association, Center for Science in the Public Interest, Delmarva Poultry Justice Alliance, Food Animal Concerns Trust, Global Resources Action Center for the Environment, Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, National Catholic Rural Life Conference, Physicians for Social Responsibility and Union of Concerned Scientists signed a letter to the Bayer Corporation asking it to comply voluntarily with the proposed ban. In November, more than 180 individual health care professionals and several medical organizations, including the American Medical Association and the American College of Preventive Medicine, sent a similar letter to Bayer.

But Bayer has recently spent over $50 million to build new production facilities for Baytril in Germany and the US. The company claimed that Baytril is completely harmless in a letter to veterinarians: "Bayer has and always will play a leading role in defending fluoroquinolones".

Pesticides and Poisons
Methamidophos and other toxic Pesticides

Methamidophos is manufactured by Bayer and marketed as Monitor. According to the World Health Organization, it is extremely hazardous and can be fatal if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. It is restricted in the US and New Zealand, but is widely used by Cambodian farmers. [42]


PCB

[43] Bayer also produced polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs, under the trade name 'Clophen.' During the 1970s, the health risks associated with PCBs (including skin ailments, reproductive disorders and liver disease) became a major consideration due to several well-publicised incidents.

Because of the health and environmental risks associated with PCB's, the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 directed the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to ban the manufacture of PCB's and regulated their use and disposal. EPA accomplished this by the issuance of regulation in 1978. In 1972, Bayer restricted their supply of PCB for use in closed systems (transformers, condensers, hydraulic fluid). Until then a total of approximately 23,000 t of PCB were used in "open systems". There was a shift in production from higher chlorinated PCB to lower chlorinated PCB between 1974 and 1983. The use of PCB in Germany remained more or less constant up to 1978 and then decreased continuously. In 1983, the last year of PCB production by Bayer, 90% of the PCB was exported. The production of PCB increased until 1980 with an increased proportion going into export. In 1983, the last year of PCB production by Bayer AG, 90% of the PCB produced was exported.
Bayer pesticides in toxic dump in Nepal

[44] Bayer was one of several multinationals to export highly toxic obsolete pesticides to Nepal, and abandon them there after they reached their expiry date or were banned. In fact, the most dangerous substances found at the site (which was later contained by Greenpeace activists) originated from Bayer. These include highly toxic chlorinated organomercury compounds, banned for use in the European Union since 1988. The obsolete pesticides had been inadequately stored in rusting and rotting original packaging in a warehouse at the National Agricultural Research Council, located on the outskirts of Katmandu. The toxic waste threatens the health of residents, workers and livestock in the area as well as local water supplies, irrigation systems and soil. Despite requests to Bayer from the Royal Nepalese Government, the company has refused to help.
Bayer Dumps Acid and other Wastes in the North Sea and the Rhine

[45] Bayer hired big ships which they loaded with concentrated sulphuric acid (containing heavy metals) and dumped it into the North Sea. The acid was a bi-product from the manufacture of titanium dioxide. Greenpeace and the Coalition Against Bayer-Dangers blockaded the port in Leverkusen for several weeks, thereby changing legislation and forcing Bayer to "voluntarily" stop dumping the acid into the North Sea.

Liquid waste containing lead, cadmium and mercury was regularly brought in barges down the Rhine from dye factories at Leverkusen, belonging to Bayer, and discharged into the sea from two ships.[46]

A hundred thousand cubic meters of chemical waste were also stored only a few meters from the Rhine river and surrounding residential area, which led to harm to workers and the environment and even a few deaths. The sanitation costs were over 200 million German marks, and the taxpayers had to pay one fourth of the costs.[47]
Gaucho

[48] French Farm Minister Jean Glavany suspended the use of Bayer pesticide Gaucho on sunflower seeds, due to a drop in France's bee population. Honey producers say that Gaucho has made the plants toxic, thereby damaging their bee swarms. Bayer claims that Gaucho leaves too small of a residue in nectar and pollen to have an impact on bees, but, according to the National Union of French Beekeepers, the number of hives in France dropped to 1 million from 1.45 million.
Baygon

[49] Baygon, a pesticide produced by Bayer, has been linked to child leukaemia. A study showed that pregnant women who were exposed to a substance from the same family of chemicals were 10 times more likely to have a baby which developed the deadly disease than mothers who were not exposed. Baygon is used as an insecticide and also in mosquito repellant.
Fenthion

[50] The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) concluded that previously approved uses of Bayer's organophosphate pesticide fenthion, posed unreasonable risks to human health and the environment.

Fenthion can also cause cholinesterase inhibition in humans; that is, it can overstimulate the nervous system causing nausea, dizziness, and at high exposures respiratory paralysis and death. EPA toxicologist William Boyes is reviewing a Japanese study that found a high rate of myopia (shortsightedness) in people exposed to fenthion. Another study by Bayer itself indicates that rats that were given high doses of fenthion over a period of two years had eye problems as well. Its use has been implicated in several bird kill incidents, including recent bird kills on Marco Island, Florida, which are currently under investigation by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Conservancy states that the US Fish and Wildlife report documents the deaths of at least 16 species of birds caused by fenthion, including the Piping Plover. The level of concern is exceeded for endangered species of estuarine/marine invertebrates on an acute and chronic basis from the mosquito adulticide use.

Fentheon is the active ingredient of pesticide Lebaycid, and there was a mass campaign in Greece to stop the use of Lebaycid.
Baysiston

[51] Bayer faced criminal charges in Brazil for poisoning coffee growers with pesticide Baysiston. The pesticide is suspected to have poisoned more than 30 coffee growers, at least 12 of them fatally. Farm workers' organizations estimate the number of workers with considerable health damage to be several hundred.

There are tight safety regulations in Brazil for contact with the extremely toxic pesticide (which has been banned in Germany for over 20 years), including the use of breathing devices and protective gear. However, this equipment in unaffordable for poor farm workers, and even if it were affordable it would probably not be used due to the tropical temperatures. In addition, many farm workers are illiterate and therefore cannot read the instructions for use of the highly toxic pesticide. Furthermore, the risks are downplayed or ignored in adverts for of Baysiston. Many coffee growers even believe Baysiston to be a fertilizer which increases yield.

Bayer is in violation of the policies of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) regarding the sales of pesticides by marketing Baysiston. According to FAO policy, manufacturers, especially those in tropical countries, should avoid using pesticides that require expensive protective equipment.

The company has paid 100,000 Real (approximately $80,000) into a fund that was initiated by the public prosecutor's office. According to the public prosecutor, the company wants to avoid a conviction at any price and is therefore trying to settle out of court.

Although Bayer insisted that Baysiston was "well known and appreciated for its good effects," contamination with the substance leads to severe burns, muscular spasm, muscular shivering, severely impaired consciousness and muscle paralysis up to a respiratory standstill - i.e. death. Baysiston also filters through into the ground water and contaminates the nearby rivers. Bayer stated that they are aware of cases of contamination, but they were not due to lack of information but to "inexpert use alone".
Methyl Parathion

[52] Methyl parathion is an organophosphate pesticide that kills pests by acting as a stomach poison. It is classified as an "extremely hazardous" and acutely toxic product by the World Health Organization, is responsible for a disproportionately large share of pesticide poisonings in Latin America. It is officially banned or restricted in Cambodia, China, the US, Japan, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. However, the chemical is widely used on a frequent basis in various Asian countries (such as Indonesia and Vietnam). Folidol (the Bayer brand name for methyl parathion) is one of the most popular insecticides on the Cambodian market.

The application of extremely hazardous chemicals such as Methyl parathion would require protective gear that would cost farmers a yearly income, which they cannot afford. The gear is also rarely available in rural markets, and would be difficult to use in 30-40 degree Celsius tropical heat. These chemicals are not handled, stored or disposed of within even minimal international standards. Research has shown that spray equipment (such as tanks and valves) leaks onto hands and down necks and backs, and that these chemicals are often mixed with bare hands. Used bottles are often left in fields or ponds, contaminating the food and water supplies. The containers are used domestically after being washed in the nearest river or streams (which are also used for bathing).

Furthermore, the misuse of pesticides has caused huge pest outbreaks as the chemicals kill the pests, as well as beneficial insects, but not the eggs of the pest. Incessant spraying causes pest resistance to particular chemicals, which has led to an estimated over-dosing in rice by up to 8 times the recommended rate. Water supplies become contaminated with the pesticides, impacting the safety of the drinking water as well as killing birds, aquatic life and other animals which survive on the water sources.

TDI

[53] In 1996, Bayer made plans for a giant TDI (Toluylendiisocyanat) plant in Taichung, Taiwan. The factory was supposed to produce 100,000 metric tons of TDI per year and would have been the second biggest in the world. From the beginning there was a lot of resistance in Taiwan against this project (there were demonstrations with up to 4,000 people), especially because of the threats of phosgene, a poisonous by-product of TDI production that was used as a chemical weapon during World War I. Bayer Taiwan Chairman Horst Mück insisted that only one thing could rupture the system: an explosion, which would in itself burn up the phosgene. Beyond 50 meters of the rupture, the gas would be below dangerous levels.

In June 1997 a big accident occurred in Bayer's brand-new TDI plant in Dormagen. 12 tons of carcinogenic TDA (a by-product) exploded, burned and covered a large area. This explosion was also noted in Taiwan since it contradicted to all of Bayer's previous statements. The approval of the Taiwanese government was delayed. In December 1997 Bayer announced they would abandon their plans in Taiwan and expand their TDI plant in Baytown/Texas instead.[54]
24 children dead, 18 poisoned

[55] Pesticides are sold among instant coffee and milk powder, medicine and vegetables in local markets. In the developing world, they are often labelled in languages not spoken in the country in which they are being sold. In October 2001, Bayer was taken to court after 24 children in the remote Andean village of Tauccamarca were killed and 18 more severely poisoned when they drank a powdered milk substitute that had been contaminated with methyl parathion. The white powder that resembles powdered milk and has no strong chemical odour was packaged in small plastic bags that provide no protection to users and give no indication of the danger of the product within. The bags were labelled in Spanish only, and carried drawings of healthy carrots and potatoes but no pictograms indicating danger or toxicity.
Baycor and Nemacur in the Phillipines

[56] Bayer's pesticides Baycor and Nemacur, labelled as "extremely hazardous," are constantly sprayed in banana plantations in the Philippine village of Kamukhaan. The strong fumes create nausea, weakness, suffocation as well as itchy skin and painful stinging eyes. Skin diseases, abnormalities and various illnesses and ailments (such as asthma, thyroid cancer, anaemia, diarrhoea and goitre) have grown in both infants and adults. Many have died from contaminated water after the pesticides seep into the soil supply. In addition the pesticides have also stopped coconut trees from bearing coconuts, and the soil has become infertile. Each time a spraying occurs, many animals die. Many people have died from drinking or playing in water, and the pesticides have also seeped the soil. In 1995, Bayer declared that they would withdraw their most dangerous pesticides. This promise, of course, has not been kept.
Olaqunidox

[57] At the request of EU agricultural commissioner Franz Fischler, the EU Commission has prohibited the sales of Bayer's growth hormone Olaquindox. Scientists consider the feed additive used in intensive livestock farming to be genetically damaging and carcinogenic.
PPA

[58] After two studies from The New England Journal of Medicine revealed that phenylpropanolamine ('PPA') could lead to strokes even in young, healthy individuals, the US Food and Drug Administration urged consumers to quit using drugs containing the substance.

The FDA removed all over-the-counter products which contained PPA, including Bayer's Alka-Seltzer Plus effervescent cough/cold products.

A 5-year Yale University report that indicated PPA had caused 500 strokes and four deaths; the result of this was the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA) banning all over-the-counter products which contained PPA.

Bayer challenged the validity of the Yale University study, stating that there have been no safety risks involved with the use of Alka Seltzer. A lawsuit is still pending involving a man who suffered a massive hemorrhagic stroke, after taking Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold Formula. He suffered permanent brain damage.

PCB In Ship Paints [59]

Polluted sedimnents in the Oslo harbour was found to be linked to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) found in ship paint products sold to shipyards by two companies, including Bayer's product Clophen. An Oslo firm of lawyers, in cooperation with Friends of the Earth Norway, has stated that a lawsuit would be possible, linked to the fact that the companies have omitted to inform the recipients of the product of its PCB content and/or the possible harmful effects of this.

PCB and Mercury [60]

Greenpeace sampling results show toxic chemicals slated for ban including toxic Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) such as PCBs and heavy metals such as mercury, are being released from the Bayer plant in Rio de Janeiro. PCBs are industrial chemicals (used mostly in electrical equipment) which harm the environment and have been classified by the UN Environment Program as a persistent global pollutant. Mercury is an extremely toxic metal. It is bioaccumulative and in organic form can permanently damage the nervous system, kidneys and developing foetus.

Toxic Dump in Pakistan [61]

A toxic dump and spill in a valley in Pakistan's North West Frontier Province posed a serious health hazard for local villagers several years after it occurred. The local villagers faced intestinal, eye and lung diseases, especially severe amongst the children.

250 drums of expired pesticides loaded onto four trucks were being secretly taken to Khawara Valley when one truck overturned a few meters from its destination. Although the signs of the accident were cleared before daylight, the adverse health effects from the waste seeping into the soil lingered for years.

The pesticides were imported for free distribution to farmers over 20 years previously under the so-called 'Green Revolution' program, but the government then tried to sell it to farmers at a higher price than it was selling in the open market. The pesticides were not sold and remained at a storehouse of the Department of Plant Protection in Peshawar.

Local villagers soon complained of recurring headaches, a strange taste in the water and a foul smell.

According to a study by World Environmental Centre, around 5,000 tonnes of expired pesticides still remain at 1,900 warehouses across Pakistan. The United Nations Food & Agriculture Organizations estimates there are more than 100,000 tonnes of obsolete pesticide stocks in developing countries.
Abusing Workers

In addition to Bayer history of using slave labour and child labour in the concentration camps, Bayer's current labour practices are absolutely egregious.
Health and Safety Violations

[62] The Occupational Safety and Health Administration cited the Bayer Corporation in Baytown, Texas (USA) for safety and health violations with penalties totalling $135,900. This investigation began in July 2000 after a contract worker notified OSHA of a methylenedianiline (MDA - a regulated carcinogen) spill and clean up, and subsequent exposures. Bayer failed to alert employees who may have been exposed of an emergency, did not establish regulated areas, failed to ensure that employees use appropriate protective work and clothing, failed to place contaminated clothes and equipment in closed containers and failed to institute exposure monitoring. Bayer did not even record the incident on the log within the appropriate amount of time (six days).
Guatemala: No Employment Rights and Work Related Illness at Bayer factory

Workers in Guatemala are hired without contracts, health benefits or vacation. The workers at the pesticide plant complain about anaemia and damage to their nervous system.[63]
Violations of safety regulations in Indonesia

Kompak has reported mass violations of safety regulations in Indonesia. The ages of young workers have been altered, and often the ages of those hired were not even checked. Young workers were used in all areas of production, including those with occupational hazards. In times of high production, shifts sometimes last as long as 16 hours. Workers were consistently exposed to extreme heat and humidity as well as poisonous gases at the PT Sinar Plataco plant, and workers complained about various health problems including skin diseases, eye problems, asthma, pulmonary disease, coughing and headaches. 90% of employees surveyed considered occupational safety insufficient. Many had received no safety instructions for handling hazardous chemicals, and the few masks distributed were cloth and insufficient to protect from toxic fumes. Half of the workers received no health benefits or social security.[64]
Bayer and Apartheid-Era South Africa

One of the largest chrome factories in the world began production as a joint company of Bayer and Dow Chemicals. Bayer, the second largest chrome manufacturer in the world, closed its chrome processing plant in Leverkusen, Germany. Due to the country's large chrome deposits, the company has processed this raw material in South Africa since 1973, and it even has its own mine. The idea of an apartheid government apparently did not present any problems to Bayer, as the government provided many black workers who were cheap and had no rights. The workers suffered many health risks during chrome production, including respiratory illnesses, skin tumours and even lung cancer.[65]
Dangerous Brazilian Chemical Plant

A man employed in chrome production at the Bayer Belford Rox facility, near Rio de Janeiro, died of burns from hot gas, when production tools were restarted after repairs. Workers at Belford Rox have also complained about ruptured columns of the nose.[66] After several accidents and subsequent complaints, the government conducted an investigation at the plant near Rio de Janeiro. A district attorney at the Rio De Janeiro labour court decreed, "The testimony and reports make evident that the company: continuously violated basic regulations on industrial health and safety; refused to recognise occupational diseases and industrial accidents, used the highest limits, and enforced working hours above the legal maximum; contracted specialised and hazardous work to third parties; and restricted inspection and monitoring by authorised commissions."[67]
Bayer Call in Brazilian Military Police

Only after prolonged protests did Bayer and BASF grant their employees in Brazil the opportunity of electing a Works Council - with minimal rights. During the strike at Bayer Belford Roxo in 1989, the military police was called onto the scene, and shortly afterwards the head of company security was decorated with a military medal, an event greatly celebrated in the company newspaper. Furthermore, the entire union leadership was fired.[68]

Tibras: No Employment Rights

Bayer's subsidiary plant, Tibras, fires employees suffering from occupational diseases immediately, although the lay-off notification period is one year. Bayer doesn't even pay their entitled one-year wage results of their company medical examinations. 280 employees and ex-employees have not received overtime bonuses and shift payments for fourteen years even after law suits were won on all levels. In addition, long-serving employees have been fired only two or three years before reaching retirement age, thereby losing a large part of their retirement entitlements.[69]
Explosion at Dormagen Plant

Three people died and 10 were critically injured at an explosion in the harbour of the Bayer subsidiary EC Erdoelchemie in Dormagen, Germany. The accident occurred while filling a tanker with gasoline. Local citizens had to keep their doors and windows closed as a giant cloud of black soot filled the air.[70]

* Two chemical workers suffered on a tank truck on company premises, and were relocated to a place outside the works by Bayer officials wanting to avoid investigations and compensation claims.
* Eight people have died in the last six years in this factory with 2500 - 1600 employees, three alone as a result of sulphuric acid burns. There have also been cases of contamination with phosgene, chromium and highly toxic phosphoric esters.
* In 1996 12 tons of Toluylendiamine (TDA), a carcinogenic substance, spilled out of a pipe at Bayer's Dormagen facility. Two workers were hospitalized.[71]

References

1. ^ 'Scientist and Industrial Manager: Emil Fischer and Carl Duisberg' by Dietrich Stoltzenberg, Center for German and European Studies, University of California at Berkeley, March 1997 available online at http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/std01
2. ^ 'Ehre dem Giftgas-Erfinder: Uni Bonn bleibt bei Ehrentitel für Gerhard Schrader' by Otto Köhler used in a BayerWatch/CBG Network exhibition 1995, extracted from an original article in 'Konkret' journal. See also http://www.cbwinfo.com/nervgen.shtml
3. ^ ibid 214 and 'Organophosphorous Intoxication' by Dherej Khurana and S. Prabhakar. Available online at http://archneur.ama-assn.org/issues/v57n4/pdf/nhn8264.pdf
4. ^ http://www.cbwinfo.com/nervgen.shtml
5. ^ 'Formeln für US-Nervengase sollen aus Bayer-Labors stammen' by Günter Hollenstein in Frankfurter Rundschau 23.3.84.
6. ^ for a personal account of a Jewish chemist forced to work for IG Farben read 'If This is a Man' (also published as 'Surviving Auschwitz') by Primo Levi
7. ^ 'Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler' By Antony C. Sutton. 1976. Chapter 2 'The Empire of IG Farben' available online at http://reformed-theology.org/html/books/wall_street/chapter_02.htm. Also look at 'Germany: Farben to Create Slave Labor Fund'. Associated Press 23.08.00. http://www.corpwatch.org/news/PND.jsp?articleid=600
8. ^ curezone.com file on Bayer AG online at http://www.curezone.com/art/read.asp?ID=37&C0=1
9. ^ 'Global Parasites, Five Hundred Years of Western Culture' Winin Pereira and Jeremy Seabrook, 1994, Earthcare Books, p137-138
10. ^ The Great Boycott available online at: http://boycot.port5.com/foodendrug/fooddoc/Hoechst.htm
11. ^ CGB Network Keycode Bayer No. 9 http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__09/kcb__09.html and 'Offer called too low to compensate Nazi-era slave laborers' CNN website news 05.10.99. available online at: http://www.cnn.com/US/9910/05/nazi.labor/
12. ^ "Headaches for Bayer: Auschwitz Survivor says Pharmaceutical Giant Aided Nazis" by Brian Ross 11.06.00. available online at: available online at: ABC News http://abcnews.go.com/onair/2020/2020_990611bayer.html Also look at 'Germany: Farben to Create Slave Labor Fund'. Associated Press 23.08.00. available online at: http://www.corpwatch.org/news/PND.jsp?articleid=600 IG Farben To Make Slave Labor Fund By Oliver Schmale 23.08.2000. available online at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20000823/aponline220934_000.htm "Holocaust survivor sues Bayer" in CBG Network newsletter available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__14/kcb__14.html 'Menschenversuche: Bayer finanzierte Folter in KZ' by Peter-Ferdinand Koch 1996 sourced from CBG Network Archive, Dusseldorf.
13. ^ UNPress release on Press Conference on Democratic Republic of Congo Report available online at: http://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2001/DRCPressCfc.doc.htm 'UN accuses Bayer of stocking DRC war' in the 'Namibian' 07,06,01, available online at: http://www.namibian.com.na/2001/June/marketplace/01F4ACEAD2.html 'Guns, Money and Cell Phones' In the Industry Standard 11.06.2001. available online at: http://www.idg.net/english/crd_tantalum_743818.html 'A Moral Minefield' - Michael Bond and Colette Braeckman originally published in New Scientist available online at www.mastaction.org/WhatsNew/News.htm
14. {{note|'Vital Ore Funds Congo's War: Combatants Profit From Col-Tan Trade' By Karl Vick Washington Post. 19.03.01. available online at: http://www.unimondo.org/bukavu/english/docs_en/Coltan_en.html; http://www.findarticles.com/m3MKT/80_109/74034527/p1/article.jhtml
15. ^ 'Report of the panel of experts on the illegal exploitation of natural resources and other forms of wealth of the Democratic Republic of Congo' UN Security Council Report, 12.04.01
16. ^ 'THE COLTAN PHENOMENON: How a rare mineral has changed the life of the population of war-torn North Kivu province in the East of the Democratic Republic of Congo' published by the POLE INSTITUTE, 2001 www.pole-institute.org
17. ^ 'Save patent, risk lives?' published in the San Francisco Chronicle on 22.10.01. Available online at: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2001/10/22/ED214233.DTL (date viewed: 04.02.02)
18. ^ 'Cipro Price Fixing Litigation' by Gilman and Pastor, LLP (a Massachusetts law firm). Available online at: http://www.gilmanpastor.com/Cases/case.asp?id=16 (date viewed: 04.02.02)
19. ^ 'World TRIPS over US pill plans' published in the San Fransisco Examiner, available online at: http://www.examiner.com/business/default.jsp?story=b.wto.1105w (source: San Francisco Examiner, date viewed: 04.02.02)
20. {{note|'Bayer, Anthrax and Cipro' by the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.com/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__46/kcb__46.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
21. {{note|'Anthrax, Drug Transnationals and TRIPs' by the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.com/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__50/kcb__50.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
22. ^ 'Demonstration at Bayer's plant in Berkely, March 5th 2001' by the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.com/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__32___/kcb__32___.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
23. {{note|'Aids drugs case adjourned' published by CNN.com on 18.04.01, available online at: http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/04/18/safrica.drugs.02/ (date viewed: 04.02.02)
24. ^ http://www.corporatewatch.org.uk/newsletter/issue4/nl4news.html
25. ^ 'Justice Department's ongoing probe into the food and feed additives industry yields second largest fine ever, Bayer Subsidiary Agrees to Pay $50 Million Criminal Fine', official statement by the US government, published on 29.01.97, available online at: http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/1997/January97/039at.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)
26. ^ '$6.7 Million in Fines Paid by Jungbunzlauer International A.G. and Haarmann & Reimer Corporation for Violations of the Competition Act', Press Release by the Canadian government (21.10.98). Available online at: http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/SSG/ct01318e.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
27. ^ 'Bayer to cut Medicaid drug prices, giant must pay states $14 million' by the the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, available online at:http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__44/kcb__44.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
28. ^ 'The Tightening Grip of Big Pharmaceutical Companies', by Dr. Joseph Mercola, available online at: http://www.mercola.com/2001/may/2/pharmacy.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)
29. ^ 'Know the source', by A.J. Nomai, available online at: http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/1818/2_5sources.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)
30. ^ 'Project FAAIR: Facts about Antibiotics in Animals and Their Impact on Resistance' by APUA -Alliance For the Prudent Use of Antibiotics. Availabel online at: http://www.healthsci.tufts.edu/apua/Ecology/faair.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
31. {{note|A selection of Non-Profit Organisations with ties to industry, presented online by Integrity in Science, available at: http://www.cspinet.org/integrity/corp_funding.html (date viewed: 04.02.-02)
32. {{note|'Bayer, Hill's make "a commitment ... not seen before"' published in the American Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association on 15.09.97 Available online at: http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/sep97/s091597d.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)
33. ^ 'German Corporation Bayer donated £120.000 to Bush' by the the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__23/kcb__23.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
34. {{note|'Rebuttal to Bayer's False Claims regarding FDA's Proposed Ban on Fluoroquinolones' by the the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, available online at: http://www.citizen.org/congress/reform/drug_industry/contribution/articles.cfm?ID=799 (date viewed: 04.02.02)
35. {{note|An overview of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers contributing to US Elections, presented by Open Secrets, available online at: http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/contrib.asp?Ind=H4300 (date viewed: 04.02.02)
36. ^ '100 years of Aspirins, white pills with dirty spots' by the the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__10/kcb__10.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
37. ^ 'Commerce Department Imposes $200,000 Penalty on U.S. Firm for Unlicensed Exports', Press Release (01.03.00) by The Bureau of Export Administration, US Department of Commerce. Available online at: http://www.bxa.doc.gov/press/Archive2000/Bayer200K.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
38. ^ 'BAYER CORP. attacks critical coverage', by the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers. Available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__40/kcb__40.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
39. ^ A piece of text on the World bank's efforts to promote large-scale agriculture, published by the Whirled Bank Group, an action group which criticizes and exposes World bank policies. Available online at: http://www.whirledbank.org/environment/agriculture.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
40. {{note|'Poison Profits, the G-7 Pesticide Industry's Stake in the World Bank'. A fact sheet composed by '50 Years is Enough', a US Network for Global Economic Justice. Available online at: http://www.50years.org/factsheets/pesticide.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
41. ^ An elaborate overview of Bayer's famous drug Aspirin by Pharmaceutical Achievers. Available online at: http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/pharm/asp/asp80.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)
42. {{note|Short essay about heroin, published by the Center for Uniform Drug Law. Available online at: http://www.netaxs.com/~sparky/policy/heroin.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
43. {{note|'100 years of heroin from Bayer, history of a 'cough' medicine', by the the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__11/kcb__11.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
44. ^ Bayer's heroin ads can be viewed online at: http://www.heroin.org/sample/ and http://members.dencity.com/warmth/opi004.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)
45. ^ An intro to the crimes and punishmant of I.G.Farben, available online at: http://home.earthlink.net/~x288files/I.G.intro.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)
46. ^ 'UK: Bayer in Illegal Drug Trial Scandal', by the the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers. Available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__27/kcb__27.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
47. ^ A petition to require a warning on all Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics (HRG Publication #1399) composed by the American-based NGO Health Research Group on 01.08.96. Available online at: http://www.citizen.org/publications/release.cfm?ID=6595 (date viewed: 04.02.02)
48. ^ 'FDA Says Withdrawn Bayer Drug Linked to 31 Deaths', published by TALK News on 08.08.01. Available online at: www.talkinternational.com/news_health_august_08a_01.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)
49. {{note|'Baycol linked to 52 deaths' published by CNN Business News on 11/08/01. Available online at: http://europe.cnn.com/2001/BUSINESS/08/13/bayer (date viewed: 04.02.02)
50. {{note|The following web site provides information on the side effects associated with the cholesterol medication Baycol®: http://www.baycol-side-effects.org (date viewed: 04.02.02)
51. {{note|A short piece on Bayer and its withdrawing of Baycol by lawfirm Sherman Salkow Petoyan & Weber. Available at: http://www.baycol-recall.org (date viewed: 04.02.02)
52. {{note|'Bayer withdraws cholesterol-lowering drug Baycol/Lipobay', published by The Bayer Press Service on 08.08.01
53. {{note|Available online at: http://www.news.bayer.com/news/news.nsf/ID/01-0219 (date viewed: 04.02.02)
54. {{note|The following site provides lots of information on class actions undertaken against Bayer after the company withdraw Baycol: http://baycollitigation.com/index2.html
55. {{note|'Bayer drops sharply after announcing it will pull drug from market' by the the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers. Available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.com/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__43/kcb__43.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
56. ^ 'Deaths linked to Bayer cholesterol drug double PHARMACEUTICALS NEWS SPARKS FALL IN GERMAN GROUP'S SHARES', By David Firn, Financial Times; Jan 19, 2002.
57. ^ 'The sanitation of Dhuennaue', by the the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers. Available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__15/kcb__15.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
58. {{note|Research findings (on drugs no longer in development) by the Alzheimer Research Forum, 26/04/00. http://www.alzforum.org/members/research/drugs/metrifonate.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
59. ^ US government sued Bayer Corp. Read the consent decree by US Attorney Robert J. Clearly online at: http://www.ftc.gov/os/2000/01/sterlingdecree.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)
60. ^ '100 years of Aspirin, white pills with dirty spots', by the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers. Available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__10/kcb__10.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
61. ^ 'Settlement with Corporations Ends Long Fight over AIDS, Tainted Blood', published in The Chicago Tribune, 7 May 1997. Available online at: http://www.aegis.com/news/ct/1997/CT970501.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
62. {{note|'Technology & Health: Baxter, Bayer Join Japanese Settlement For Hemophiliacs Who Got AIDS Virus', published in The Wall Street Journal, 15 March 1996. Available online at: http://www.aegis.com/news/wsj/1996/WJ960306.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
63. {{note|'Technology & Health: Most Hemophiliacs Reject Settlement From Baxter, Bayer on Infection Suit', published in
64. {{note|The Wall Street Journal - May 14, 1996. Available online at: http://www.aegis.com/news/wsj/1996/WJ960502.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
65. {{note|Also see CBG newsletters 7, 8, 9, 12, 13
66. ^ 'Protecting the Crown Jewels of Medicine, A strategic plan to preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics', a report written by Patricia Lieberman and Margo G. Wootan. Copyright © 1998 by the Center for Science in the Public Interest. Available online at: http://www.cspinet.org/reports/abiotic.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02) http://www.cspinet.org/ar/ar_bayer.html (source: Center for Science in the Public Interest, date viewed: 04.02.02)
67. {{note|'Antibiotic Resistance, from down on the chicken farm', published in the FDA Consumer magazine, January-February 2001. Available online at: http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2001/101_chic.html (source: Food and Drug Administration, date viewed: 04.02.02) http://www.cspinet.org/ar/index.html (source: Center for Science in the Public Interest, date viewed: 04.02.02. Also see CBG newsletters 22, 36, 49
68. ^ A profile on Bayer AG, composed by Cure Zone.com, a web site providing information on health issues: http://www.curezone.com/art/read.asp?ID=37&C0=1 (date viewed: 05.02.02; 'Pesticides residues in food -1982', by IPCS Inchem, Chemical Safety Information from Intergovernmental Organizations. Text available online at: http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v82pr24.htm (date viewed: 05.02.02)
69. ^ A profile on Bayer AG, composed by Cure Zone.com, a web site containing information on health issues: http://www.curezone.com/art/read.asp?ID=37&C0=1 (date viewed: 05.02.02)
70. ^ 'Bayer-Pesticides in Toxic Dump in Nepal', article published on the UK Indymedia web site. Available online at: http://uk.indymedia.org/front.php3?article_id=14812&group=webcast (source: UK Independent media, date viewed: 05.02.02)); 'Organophosphate Madness?', published in Corporate Watch Magazine, Issue 12, Autumn 2000, available online at: http://www.corporatewatch.org.uk/magazine/issue12/cw12f5.html (date viewed: 05.02.02); 'Bayer-Pesticides in Toxic Dump in Nepal', published in CBG Newsletter, Issue 47, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__47/kcb__47.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
71. ^ 'For environmental protection and secure jobs at BAYER - worldwide!', by the Coaltion Against Bayer Dangers, published in CBG Newsletter, Issue 13, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__13/kcb__13.html (date viewed: 05.02.02); 'Twenty years protecting the ocean from waste dumping', prepared for Greenpeace International by Rémi Parmentier. Available online at: www.greenpeace.org/~comms/97/oceandump/radioactive/reports/history.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
72. ^ 'No time to waste', source: Greenpeace, available online at: http://.greenpeace.org/~comms/vrml/rw/text/t11.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
73. ^ 'The sanitation of Dhuennaue', published in CBG Newsletter, Issue 15, available online at: http://.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__15/kcb__15.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
74. ^ 'French Authorities Ban Pesticide Gaucho', published in CBG Newsletter, Issue 15, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__30___/kcb__30___.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
75. ^ 'Scientists link pesticides to child leukemia', by Tom Peterkin Health Correspondent, available on the Generation Green web site: http://www.generationgreen.org/UK%20carbamates%20article.htm (date viewed: 05.02.02); 'Scientists link Bayer's Baygon to Child Leukaemia', published in CBG Newsletter, Issue 37, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__37___/kcb__37___.html (date viewed: 05.02.02) Bayer's own site shows all Baygon products: http://www.baygon.com/en/index-e.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
76. ^ http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/op/fenthion/fenthionsum.htm (source: EPA, date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__26/kcb__26.html (source: Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, date viewed: 05.02.02); An overview of Registered Pesticide Products in the Philippines, available online at: http://www.fadinap.org/philippines/registrd%20pesticide.htm (date viewed: 05.02.02); Information about: Fenthion, by the Pesticide Action Network (PAN), available online at: http://data.pesticideinfo.org/4DAction/GetChemRecord/PC33351 (date viewed: 05.02.02)
77. ^ http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__14/kcb__14.html (source: Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__16/kcb__16.html (source: Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, date viewed: 05.02.02)
78. ^ www.corpwatch.org/bulletin/2001/0091.html (source: Corporate Watch UK, date viewed: 05.02.02) http://.pan-uk.org/press/perupois.htm (source: Pesticide Action Network, date viewed: 05.02.02); http://www.pan-uk.org/pestnews/actives/methylpa.htm (source: Pesticide Action Network, date viewed: 05.02.02); http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v080pr28.htm (source: IPCS Inchem, Chemical Safety Information from Intergovernmental Organizations, date viewed: 05.02.02) www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v84pr63.htm (source: IPCS Inchem, Chemical Safety Information from Intergovernmental Organizations, date viewed: 05.02.02)
79. ^ 'What Price Economic Growth? Protests over a project reverberate through Taiwan', by Sangwon Suh and Laurence Eyton / Taipei, published in Asiaweek Magazine, 8 November 1996, available online at: http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/96/1108/biz5.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
80. ^ http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__10/kcb__10.html (source: Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, date viewed: 05.02.02)
81. ^ http://www.pan-uk.org/press/perupois.htm (source: Pesticide Action Network UK, date viewed: 05.02.02) 'Parents of victims sue Bayer', story on Bayer in Peru, published in 'Weekly News Update on the Americas', available online at: http://www.americas.org/news/nir/20011104_parents_of_victims_sue_bayer.asp (date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www.pan-uk.org/pestnews/actives/methylpa.htm (source: Pesticide Action Network, date viewed: 05.02.02) Information about the pesticide industry, provided in the documentary Toxic Trail. Toxic Trail was broadcast in two parts on BBC World in April 2001. The following website provides additional information about the issues which are shown in the Toxic Trail documentary: http://www.toxictrail.org (date viewed: 05.02.02) 'Where Does the Circle Begin? The Global Dangers of Pesticide Plants', by Angus Wright. Global Pesticide Campaigner, Volume 4, Number 4, December 1994. Available online at: http://www.panna.org/panna/resources/_pestis/PESTIS.burst.685.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
82. ^ 'KAMUKHAAN: A POISONED VILLAGE', an article on Bayer's polluting activities in the Philippines, by Dr. Romeo Quijano, College of Medicine, University of Manila/Philippines. Available on the Safer World web site, at: http://www.safer-world.org/e/countries/Asia/philippines.htm (date viewed: 05.02.02)
83. ^ 'History of the antibiotic growth promoter ban in Sweden and Denmark, by Deborah Huang, CSPI, Centre for Science in the Public Interest, available online at: http://www.farmanimals.net/ban_background.htm (date viewed: 05.02.02) |'Community legislation in force', European Commission Document, available online at: http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/1998/en_398R2788.html (date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www.transnationale.org/anglais/fiches/161.htm (source: transnationale, date viewed: 05.02.02) 'Ban of antibiotic growth promoters in the EU', can be viewed online at: http://www.delacon.com/englisch/espezial.htm (date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__14/kcb__14.html (source: Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, date viewed: 05.02.02)
84. ^ 'Cold remedies pulled from shelves', by HealthAtoz.com, a family's health web site: http://www.healthatoz.com/atoz/healthupdate/alert11082000.html (date viewed: 05.02.02) PPA Update, published on Williams Dailey O'Leary Craine & Love's (people who represent individuals who have been injured by dangerous drugs like Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) and Baycol) web site: http://www.wdolaw.com/Press/PPAUpdate.htm (date viewed: 05.02.02) The Final Report of The Hemorrhagic Stroke Project, May 10, 2000, prepared on behalf of the HSP Investigators. Available online at: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/00/backgrd/3647b1_tab19.doc (date viewed: 05.02.02) Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) Information Page, by the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Available online at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/infopage/ppa/default.htm (date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www9.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/11/07/drug.warning.ap/index.html (source: CNN, date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www9.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/11/06/ppa.02/ (source: CNN, date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www9.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/10/19/drug.stroke/index.html (source: CNN, date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www9.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/11/04/fda.drug/index.html (source: CNN, date viewed: 05.02.02)
85. ^ 'PCB clean-up and manufacturer liability, pre-study on a possible cause of legal action for Oslo Port Authority' by Advokatfirmaet Føyen & Co ANS (an Oslo firm of lawyers) in cooperation with Friends of the Earth Norway. Available online at: http://www.naturvern.no/gift/hvem/rapport.var (date viewed: 05.02.02) 'Bioremediation of PBC contaminated material', by Cadwell Environmental, the company claims to be a leader in the development of biological products for the removal of fats, oils, and grease, solid wastes and hydrocarbons from the environment. Text available online at: http://www.caldwellenvironmental.com/pcb.htm (date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__34___/kcb__34___.html (source: Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, date viewed: 05.02.02)
86. ^ 'Clean up Bayer!' Greenpeace reports about its investigation of Bayer and the company's polluting activities. Search the Greenpeace web site for 'Bayer' [72] Many articles will come up.
87. ^ 'Pesticide Dump Sickens Pakistan Residents', source: Environmental News Service, Posted to the Web July 20, 1998, at: http://www.poptel.org.uk/panap/pm/nfa-pm7.htm#Dump (date viewed: 05.02.02)
88. ^ 'The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has cited Bayer Corp. In Baytown, TX, for safety and health violations, with penalties, totaling $135,900. OSHA Regional News Release, US Department of Labor, Office of Public Affairs. Read about the lawsuit at: http://www.osha.gov/media/oshnews/dec00/reg6-20001220.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
89. ^ http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__09/kcb__09.html (source: Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, date viewed: 05.02.02)
90. ^ The Corporate Crime Reporter, Washington, interview with Philipp Mimkes, Coordination Against Bayer Dangers, Germany. Read the interview online at: http://www.safer-world.org/e/topics/ngo/cbg/cbd.htm (date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__09/kcb__09.html (source: Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, date viewed: 05.02.02)
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92. ^ 'BAYER in Brazil and Germany: double standards', source: Coordination Against Bayer Dangers, Germany, article available online at: http://home.earthlink.net/~alto/bayer2.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
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94. ^ http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__05/kcb__05.html (source: Coordination Against Bayer Dangers, Germany, date viewed: 05.02.02)
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96. ^ 'Three dead in an explosion', published in CDG Magazine, Issue 15, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__15/kcb__15.html (source: Coordination Against Bayer Dangers, Germany, date viewed: 05.02.02)
97. ^ 'Damaged pipe in Dormagen/Germany', published in CDG Magazine, Issue 09, available online at:http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__09/kcb__09.html (source: Coordination Against Bayer Dangers, Germany, date viewed: 05.02.02)

Operation Paperclip Casefile
- Dossier Compiled by Agent Orange (Fri, 08 Aug 1997)

After WWII ended in 1945, victorious Russian and American intelligence teams began a treasure hunt throughout occupied Germany for military and scientific booty. They were looking for things like new rocket and aircraft designs, medicines, and electronics. But they were also hunting down the most precious "spoils" of all: the scientists whose work had nearly won the war for Germany. The engineers and intelligence officers of the Nazi War Machine.

The U.S. Military rounded up Nazi scientists and brought them to America. It had originally intended merely to debrief them and send them back to Germany. But when it realized the extent of the scientists knowledge and expertise, the War Department decided it would be a waste to send the scientists home. Following the discovery of flying discs (foo fighters), particle/laser beam weaponry in German military bases, the War Department decided that NASA and the CIA must control this technology, and the Nazi engineers that had worked on this technology.

There was only one problem: it was illegal. U.S. law explicitly prohibited Nazi officials from immigrating to America--and as many as three-quarters of the scientists in question had been committed Nazis.
Data-Points:

Convinced that German scientists could help America's postwar efforts, President Harry Truman agreed in September 1946 to authorize "Project Paperclip," a program to bring selected German scientists to work on America's behalf during the "Cold War"

However, Truman expressly excluded anyone found "to have been a member of the Nazi party and more than a nominal participant in its activities, or an active supporter of Naziism or militarism."

The War Department's Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA) conducted background investigations of the scientists. In February 1947, JIOA Director Bosquet Wev submitted the first set of scientists' dossiers to the State and Justice Departments for review.

The Dossiers were damning. Samauel Klaus, the State Departments representative on the JIOA board, claimed that all the scientists in this first batch were "ardent Nazis." Their visa requests were denied.

Wev was furious. He wrote a memo warning that "the best interests of the United States have been subjugated to the efforts expended in 'beating a dead Nazi horse.'" He also declared that the return of these scientists to Germany, where they could be exploited by America's enemies, presented a "far greater security threat to this country than any former Nazi affiliations which they may have had or even any Nazi sympathies that they may still have."

When the JIOA formed to investigate the backgrounds and form dossiers on the Nazis, the Nazi Intelligence leader Reinhard Gehlen met with the CIA director Allen Dulles. Dulles and Gehlen hit it off immediatly. Gehlen was a master spy for the Nazis and had infiltrated Russia with his vast Nazi Intelligence network. Dulles promised Gehlen that his Intelligence unit was safe in the CIA.

Apparently, Wev decided to sidestep the problem. Dulles had the scientists dossier's re-written to eliminate incriminating evidence. As promised, Allen Dulles delivered the Nazi Intelligence unit to the CIA, which later opened many umbrella projects stemming from Nazi mad research. (MK-ULTRA / ARTICHOKE, OPERATION MIDNIGHT CLIMAX)

Military Intelligence "cleansed" the files of Nazi references. By 1955, more than 760 German scientists had been granted citizenship in the U.S. and given prominent positions in the American scientific community. Many had been longtime members of the Nazi party and the Gestapo, had conducted experiments on humans at concentration camps, had used slave labor, and had committed other war crimes.

In a 1985 expose in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Linda Hunt wrote that she had examined more than 130 reports on Project Paperclip subjects--and every one "had been changed to eliminate the security threat classification."

President Truman, who had explicitly ordered no committed Nazis to be admitted under Project Paperclip, was evidently never aware that his directive had been violated. State Department archives and the memoirs of officials from that era confirm this. In fact, according to Clare[nce] Lasby's book [Project] Paperclip, project officials "covered their designs with such secrecy that it bedeviled their own President; at Potsdam he denied their activities and undoubtedly enhanced Russian suspicion and distrust," quite possibly fueling the Cold War even further.

A good example of how these dossiers were changed is the case of Wernher von Braun. A September 18, 1947, report on the German rocket scientist stated, "Subject is regarded as a potential security threat by the Military Governor."

The following February, a new security evaluation of Von Braun said, "No derogatory information is available on the subject...It is the opinion of the Military Governor that he may not constitute a security threat to the United States."

Here are a few of the 700 suspicious characters who were allowed to immigrate through Project Paperclip.

ARTHUR RUDOLPH

During the war, Rudolph was operations director of the Mittelwerk factory at the Dora-Nordhausen concentration camps, where 20,000 workers died from beatings, hangings, and starvation. Rudolph had been a member of the Nazi party since 1931; a 1945 military file on him said simply: "100% Nazi, dangerous type, security threat..!! Suggest internment."

But the JIOA's final dossier on him said there was "nothing in his records indicating that he was a war criminal or and ardent Nazi or otherwise objectionable." Rudolph became a US citizen and later designed the Saturn 5 rocket used in the Apollo moon landings. In 1984, when his war record was finally investigated, he fled to West Germany.
WERNHER VON BRAUN

From 1937 to 1945, von Braun was the technical director of the Peenemunde rocket research center, where the V-2 rocket --which devastated England--was developed. As noted previously, his dossier was rewritten so he didn't appear to have been an enthusiastic Nazi.

Von Braun worked on guided missiles for the U.S. Army and was later director of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. He became a celebrity in the 1950s and early 1960s, as one of Walt Disney's experts on the "World of Tomorrow." In 1970, he became NASA's associate administrator.
KURT BLOME

A high-ranking Nazi scientist, Blome told U.S. military interrogators in 1945 that he had been ordered 1943 to experiment with plague vaccines on concentration camp prisoners. He was tried at Nuremberg in 1947 on charges of practicing euthanasia (extermination of sick prisoners), and conducting experiments on humans. Although acquitted, his earlier admissions were well known, and it was generally accepted that he had indeed participated in the gruesome experiments.

Two months after his Nuremberg acquittal, Blome was interviewed at Camp David, Maryland, about biological warfare. In 1951, he was hired by the U.S. Army Chemical Corps to work on chemical warfare. His file neglected to mention Nuremberg.
MAJOR GENERAL WALTER SCHREIBER

According to Linda Hunt's article, the US military tribunal at Nuremberg heard evidence that "Schreiber had assigned doctors to experiment on concentration camp prisoners and had made funds available for such experimentation." The assistant prosecutor said the evidence would have convicted Schreiber if the Soviets, who held him from 1945 to 1948, had made him available for trial.

Again, Schreiber's Paperclip file made no mention of this evidence; the project found work for him at the Air Force School of Medicine at Randolph Field in Texas. When columnist Drew Pearson publicized the Nuremberg evidence in 1952, the negative publicity led the JIOA, says Hunt, to arrange "a visa and a job for Schreiber in Argentina, where his daughter was living." On May 22, 1952, he was flown to Buenos Aires.
HERMANN BECKER-FREYSING and SIEGFRIED RUFF

These two, along with Blome, were among the 23 defendants in the Nuremberg War Trials "Medical Case." Becker-Freysing was convicted and sentenced to 20 years in prison for conducting experiments on Dachau inmates, such as starving them, then force-feeding them sea water that had been chemically altered to make it drinkable. Ruff was acquitted (in a close decision) on charges that he had killed as many as 80 Dachau inmates in a low-pressure chamber designed to simulate altitudes in excess of 60,000 feet. Before their trial, Becker-Freysing and Ruff were paid by the Army Air Force to write reports about their grotesque experiments.
GENERAL REINHARD GEHLEN

It was five years after the end of WWII but one of Hitler's chief intelligence officers was still on the job. From a walled-in compound in Bavaria, General Reinhard Gehlen oversaw a vast network of intelligence agents spying on Russia. His top aides were Nazi zealots who had committed some of the most notorious crimes of the war. Gehlen and his SS united were hired, and swiftly became agents of the CIA when they revealed their massive records on the Soviet Union to the US.

Gehlen derived much of his information from his role in one of the most terrible atrocities of the war: the torture, interrogation and murder by starvation of some four million Soviet prisoners. Prisoners who refused to cooperate were often tortured or summarily executed. May were executed even after they had given information, while others were simply left to starve to death. As a result, Gehlend and members of his organization maneuvered to make sure they were captured by advancing American troops rather than Russians, who would have executed them immediatly.

Two months before Germany surrendered in 1945, the Gehlen organization made its move. "Gehlen and a small group of his most senior officers carefully microfilmed the vast holding on the USSR in the military section of the German army's general staff. They packed the film in watertight steel drums and secretly buried it in a remote mountain meadow scattered throughout the Austrian Alps.

General William Donovan and Allen Dulles of the CIA were tipped off about Gehlen's surrender and his offer of Russian intelligence in exchange for a job. The CIA was soon jockeying with military intelligence for authority over Gehlen's microfilmed records--and control of the German spymaster. Dulles arranged for a private intelligence facility in West Germany to be established, and named it the Geheln Organization. Gehlen promised not to hire any former SS, SD, or Gestapo members; he hired them anyway, and the CIA did not stop him. Two of Gehlen's early recruits were Emil Augsburg and Dr. Franz Six, who had been part of mobile killing squads, which killed Jews, intellectuals, and Soviet partisans wherever they found them. Other early recruits included Willi Krichbaum, senior Gestapo leader for southeastern Europe, and the Gestapo chiefs of Paris and Kiel, Germany.

With the encouragement of the CIA, Gehlen Org (Licio Gelli) set up "rat lines" to get Nazi war criminals out of Europe so they wouldn't be prosecuted. By setting up transit camps and issuing phony passports, the Gehlen Org helped more than 5,000 Nazis leave Europe and relocate around the world, especially in South and Central America. There, mass murderers like Klaus Barbie (the butcher of Lyons) helped governments set up death squads in Chile, Argentina, El Salvador, and elsewhere.
KLAUS BARBIE

Known as the Nazi butcher of Lyons, France during World War II, Barbie was part of the SS which was responsible for the and death of thousands of French people under the Germany occupation.
HEINRICH RUPP

Some of Rupp's best work was done for the CIA, after he was imported in Operation Paperclip. Rupp has been convicted of bank fraud. He was an operative for the CIA and is deeply involved in the Savings and Loan scandals. A federal jury has indicated they believe testimony that Rupp, the late CIA Director William Casey - then Reagan's campaign manager, and Donald Gregg, now U.S. Ambassador to South Korea, flew with George Bush to Paris in 1980, during the election in which Bush was on the ticket with Ronald Reagan. The testimony states that three meetings were held on October 19 and 20 at the Hotel Florida and Hotel Crillion. The subject? According to the court testimony, the meetings were to sabotage President Jimmy Carter's reelection campaign by delaying the release of American hostages in Iran. The hostages were released on January 20, 1981, right after Reagan and Bush were sworn into office. Iran was promised return of its frozen assets in the United States and the foundation for the Iran- Contra deal was set into motion.
LICIO GELLI

Head of a 2400 member secret Masonic Lodge, P2, a neo-fascist organization, in Italy that catered to only the elite, Gelli had high connections in the Vatican, even though he was not a Catholic. P2's membership is totally secret and not even available to its Mother Lodge in England. Gelli was responsible for providing Argentina with the Exocet missile. He was a double agent for the CIA and the KGB. He assisted many former Nazi high officials in their escape from Europe to Central America. He had close ties with the Italian Mafia. Gelli was a close associate of Benito Mussolini. He was also closely affiliated with Roberto Calvi, head of the scandal-ridden Vatican Bank. Calvi was murdered. Gelli's secret lodge consisted of extremely important people, including armed forces commanders, secret service chiefs, head of Italy's financial police, 30 generals, eight admirals, newspaper editors, television and top business executives and key bankers - including Calvi. Licio Gelli and others in P2 were behind the assasination of Pope John Paul I.

The central figure in Europe and South America that linked the CIA, Masonic Lodge, Vatican, ex-Nazis and several South American governments, the Italian government and several international banks was Licio Gelli. He, with Klaus Barbie and Heinrich Rupp, met with Ronald R. Rewald in Uruguay to arrange for the Argentine purchase of the French-made Exocet missile, used in the Falkland Island attack to kill british soldiers.

Who is Gelli and why was he so important?

To understand Gelli, one must understand the complex post war years of Europe. The biggest threat to Europe in pre-war times was Communism - it was the great fear of Communism that gave birth to the Fascists and the Nazis. Though both sides were dreaded, the Fascists represented right-wing government, while the Communist represent left-wing government. It was the right-wing that the United States and the Catholic Church desired over Communism - because Communism would destroy the capitalistic system. This is why the CIA and the Vatican had go through with Operation Paperclip. The Nazis had massive amounts of Soviet intelligence, had infiltrated Communist partisans, and were in no way going to be given up to the Soviet Union.

Gelli worked both sides. He helped to found the Red Brigade, spied on Communist partisans and worked for the Nazis at the same time, a double agent. He helped establish the Rat Line, which assisted the flight of high ranking Nazi officials from Europe to South America, with passports supplied by the Vatican and with the full acknowledgment and blessing of the United States intelligence community. While on one hand, the U.S. participated in the war crime tribunals of key Nazi officials and maintained an alliance with the Communist Soviet Union, secretly, the U.S. was preparing for the cold war and needed the help of Nazis in the eventual struggle the U.S. would have with the Soviet Union. Gelli's agreement with U.S. intelligence to spy on the Communists after the war was instrumental in saving his life. He was responsible for the murder and torture of hundreds of Yugoslavian partisans.

The Vatican provided support to Nazis and Fascists because the Communists were the real threat to the Church's survival. The Italian Communists would have taxed the Church's vast holdings and the Church has had a dismal experience with Communist governments throughout the world - where religious freedom was stamped out.

Gelli was well connected with the Vatican from the days of the Rat Line and he worked for American intelligence, as well. Gelli formed the P-2 Masonic Lodge-which did not follow the direction of any Grand Lodge-and it was supplied with a sum of $10 million a month by the CIA. Its membership was a Who's Who in the intelligence, military and Italian community. So prominent was Gelli's influence, that he was even a guest of honor at the 1981 inauguration of President Ronald Reagan.

Gelli used blackmail in order to gain prominent members of his P-2 lodge, its membership is estimated at 2400 members, including 300 of the most powerful men in the Western World.. He was a close friend of Pope Paul VI, Juan Peron of Argentina, Libyan Dictator Muammar el-Qaddafi, and many high officials in the Italian and American governments - he is also reported to have had some financial dealings with the George Bush for President campaign.

Gelli and his P-2 lodge had staggering connections to banking, intelligence and diplomatic passports. The CIA poured hundreds of millions of dollars into Italy in the form of secret subsidies for political parties, labor unions and communications businesses. At the same time the Agency continued its relationship with far- right and violent elements as a back-up should a coup be needed to oust a possible Communist government. This covert financing was exposed by the Prime Minister of Italy in a speech to Parliament. He indicates that more than 600 people in Italy still remain on the payroll of the CIA. Licio Gelli was an ardent Nazi and a perfect asset of the CIA. As part of Reinhard Gehlen's intelligence team, he had excellent contacts. Licio was the go between for the CIA and the Vatican through his P2 Lodge.

Project Paperclip was stopped in 1957, when West Germany protested to the U.S. that these efforts had stripped it of "scientific skills." There was no comment about supporting Nazis. Paperclip may have ended in 1957, but as you can see from Licio Gelli and his international dealings with the CIA in Italy/P2, and Heinrich Rupp with his involvement in October Surprise, the ramifications of Paperclip are world-wide. The Nazis became employed CIA agents, engaging in clandestine work with the likes of George Bush, the CIA, Henry Kissinger, and the Masonic P2 lodge. This is but one of the results of Operation Paperclip. Another umbrella project that was spawned from Paperclip was MK-ULTRA.

A secret laboratory was established and funded by CIA director, Allen Dulles in Montreal, Canada at McGill University in the Allen Memorial Institute headed by psychiatrist Dr. Ewen Cameron. For the next several years Dr. Ewen Cameron waged his private war in Canada. What is ironic about Dr. Cameron is that he served as a member of the Nuremberg tribunal who heard the cases against the Nazi doctors.

When it was at its height in drug experiments, operation MK-ULTRA was formed. This was the brainchild of Richard Helms who later came to be a CIA director. It was designed to defeat the "enemy" in its brain-washing techniques. MK-ULTRA had another arm involved in Chemical and Biological Warfare (CBW) known as MK-DELTA. The "doctors" who participated in these experiments used some of the same techniques as the Nazi "doctors". Techniques used by Dr. Cameron and previous Nazi scientists include electro shock, sleep deprivation, memory implantation, memory erasure, sensory modification, psychoactive drug experiments, and many more cruel practices.

Project Paperclip brought us MK-ULTRA. Paperclip ultimately brought in key players involved in the Assassination of Pope 1, October Surprise (sabotage of Carter's peace talks), and a great many other things still classified to this day. The results of Project Paperclip were devastating, and very far reaching. I guess that is what you would expect from collaborating with Nazis.

This research shows that the OSS/CIA that was formed in the National Security Act, the same agency that employed hundreds of Nazis, has been in alliance with the Vatican through various Agency connections such as Licio Gelli. The CIA/Vatican alliance that Assassinated Pope John Paul 1, JFK, and hundreds of dictators of 3rd world countries is the Illuminati.

The Bavarian Illuminati has been around for centuries in one way or another. It's presence in the 20th century is the direct result of the Nazis. The Nazi connections to the occult and the Bavarian Thule Society were parallel to the American members of 33rd degree Freemasonry. When the Operation Paperclip was successfully executed, the Nazi element of the Bavarian Thule society was fused with the American members of Freemasonry to create the Illuminati.

Operation Paperclip, MK-ULTRA, October Surprise, and George Bush are all facets of the Illuminati, a group whose ideals are rooted in the occult, and dedicated to world domination.

Soon after the American Revolution, John Robinson, a professor of rural philosophy at Edinburgh University in Scotland and member of a Freemason lodge, said that he was asked to join the Illuminati. After studying the group, he concluded that the purposes of the Illuminati were not compatible with his beliefs.

In 1798, he published a book called Proofs Of A Conspiracy, which states:

“An association has been formed for the express purpose of rooting out all the religious establishments and overturning all the existing governments.... The leaders would rule the World with uncontrollable power, while all the rest would be employed as tools of the ambition of their unknown superiors.”

The CIA and the Vatican have rooted out all the religious establishments in the world. The CIA has overthrown and set up dictators under their control all over the world. The CIA and the Vatican have fulfilled the purpose of the Illuminati. The CIA and the Vatican are the Illuminati.
Bibliography:

* It's a Conspiracy! Michael Litchfield, Earthworks Press
* Project Paperclip: German Scientists and the Cold War, Clarence Lasby, Scribner (February, 1975) 1975
* Secret Agenda: The United States Government, Nazi Scientists, and Project Paperclip, 1945 to 1990, Linda Hunt, St Martins Pr; 1st ed edition (April 1, 1991)
* Acid Dreams, Martin Lee and Bruce Shlain, Grove Press; Rev edition (March 1, 1986)
* Journey Into Madness, Gordon Thomas, Bantam; Reprint edition (May 1, 1990)
* Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman, Merle Miller, Berkley Publishing Group; Reissue edition (December 1, 1986)
* Kiss the Boys Goodbye, by Monika Jensen-Stevenson and William Stevenson, E P Dutton (October 1, 1990)
* Inside Job: The Looting of America's Savings and Loans, Stephen Pizzo, Mary Fricker, Mcgraw-Hill (September 1, 1989)
* In God's Name, An Investigation into the Murder of Pope John Paul I, by David A.Yallop, Bantam Dell Pub Group (Trd) (June 1, 1984)
* The Crimes of Patriots - A True Tale of Dope, Dirty Money, and the CIA by Jonathan Kwitny, W W Norton & Co Inc (August 1, 1987)
* Mengele: The Complete Story, by Gerald L. Posner and John Ware, Cooper Square Press; New Ed edition (October, 2000)
* Blowback, America's Recruitment of Nazis and its Effects on the Cold War, by Christopher Simpson, Grove Pr; 1st edition (March 1, 1988)
* "Jury Says Story of Reagan-Bush Campaign Deal With Iran Is True," San Francisco Chronicle May 5, 1990.
* "Hawaii Scheme Cost Napans $500.000," Napa Register October 3, 1983.
* The Vatican Connection by Richard Hammer, Henry Holt & Co; 1st ed edition (September 1, 1982)
* The Great Heroin Coup, Drug's, Intelligence & International Fascism by Henrik Kruger, Black Rose Books (October 1, 2000)
* The Nazi Legacy: Klaus Barbie and the International Fascist Connection, by Magnus Linklater, Isabel Hilton, Neal Ascherson, Henry Holt & Co; 1st American ed edition (February 1, 1985)
* "The P-2 Time Bomb Goes Off," The Economist, May 1984